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Based on the principle of closest packing, UHPC utilizes ultrafine reactive particles to fill voids and incorporates steel fibers to enhance toughness, thereby minimizing macroscopic defects within its multi-component composite system. UHPC significantly boosts the efficiency with which the strength of steel is utilized within the concrete matrix, establishing a novel steel-concrete composite paradigm characterized by enhanced synergy among the concrete, steel fibers, and steel reinforcement. Consequently, it exhibits exceptional performance in terms of compressive strength, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, blast resistance, and impermeability.
Closest Packing: Reducing Porosity—achieved by incorporating ultrafine powders and optimizing particle gradation.
Low Water-Binder Ratio: Enhancing Strength—achieved by employing high-performance admixtures to reduce the water-binder ratio to a range of 0.14 to 0.2.
Incorporation of Steel Fibers: Improving Toughness—achieved by adding steel fibers (6–25 mm in length) at a volume fraction of 1% to 4% to mitigate the inherent brittleness of the concrete.
Reduced Aggregate Size: Eliminating Weak Zones—achieved by utilizing high-strength quartz sand as aggregate with a particle size of less than 3 mm, thereby enhancing aggregate strength and minimizing the interfacial transition zone.
